The terrestrial boundaries of Europe have always been imprecise in their part is because there is no precise limits, relief, and clearly divide sea from Eurasia. Also, do not confuse the concepts of geographical Europe and territorial one hand, and the zone of influence of Western culture, on the other hand, these notions are mainly political (some also believe in this regard that, like the British Commonwealth, the European Union could be defined as the extent of Western European culture throughout the world).
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In purely geographical vision, Europe is usually separated from Asia to the east by the mountains of the Urals and the Ural River. In the south-east, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus and the massive Bosporus divide the Middle East. To the south and south-west, the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar separates Europe from Africa. The mainland is bordered to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and north by the Arctic. Considered Europe Iceland (geologically located on the separation between Europe and America), and the main islands of the Mediterranean, Cyprus is the case, however, particularly debated, both geographically, culturally, politically and historically.
The case of Russia and Turkey are emblematic of the political and geographical gap. These two nations with the largest part of their territory in Asia (Russia), and Middle East (Turkey), the political does not overlap with the "plan" Geographical first. Thus, if Russia is Western in its culture, its history and part of its territory, its center of gravity makes it a near-continent, stretching from the Pacific into Europe. The case is more complex for Turkey, the latter having much of its territory in the Middle East and possessing a history by the mixed culture between Western culture and the Middle East.
A famous quote from Paul Valery [ref. required] summarizes the ambiguity of the strict demarcation of borders east and south-eastern Europe, as described Europe as "the small tip of the Asian continent. Furthermore, he proposed his own definition of Europe: it would be all areas affected by the triple influence:
* Of Hellenism (philosophy, reason, republic and democracy, art and technology, science, humanism);
* Of the Roman (Latin, importance of law, essential relationship to texts and writing, administrative territories, expansive imperialism);
* Christianity (monotheism, moral values of forgiveness and love of his fellow missionaries moral expansive);
the whole forming since the Renaissance the common cultural heritage of European humanist philosophy.
Some islands in the Atlantic (Madeira, Canaries, Azores), that geography does not relate to this continent, are considered by the European origin of their inhabitants and their culture. It is also the case of Greenland, which belongs to Denmark. Some former colonial powers of Western Europe have kept a few jurisdictions outside the continent whose inhabitants are European, and integrated at different levels within the EU, such as departments and overseas territories of France .
Europe has an area of just over 10 million square kilometers, precisely 10,392,855 square kilometers. This represents one third of Africa and fourth in Asia or America.
There are five major geographic regions:
* Western Europe;
* Central Europe;
* Southern Europe;
* Eastern Europe;
* Northern Europe.
The organization of space shows an economic heart, the "blue banana" or European megalopolis, which includes Europe Rhine and the European peripheries.
The eastern borders of Europe are primarily political: the boundary of the Urals is due to the cartographers of Tsar Peter I the Great in the eighteenth century. Similarly, the boundary was moved from the high peaks of the Caucasus to the Caspian Sea in the early nineteenth century to justify the annexation of Georgia and Armenia in the Russian Empire. From a scientific point of view, if one refers to plate tectonics, Europe and mainland Asia are a single continent called Eurasia. Also, some eminent geographers, such that the Alexander von Humboldt, they regarded Europe as a mere peninsula of Asia.
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In purely anthropological vision of the twentieth century "classic thought of anthropologists" stretched "the biological substratum of European populations beyond the political borders of Europe" and established "first the presence of a common humanity" without establish "a conjunction of political identity, cultural identity and biological identity" [4]. Europe anthropological included not only the geographical Europe but also all the people "Europid" of the Mediterranean (the Middle East, North Africa). As for Marc Skip "borders traced by the geographer and historian does not mean much ... In fact, the anthropological, Europe extends beyond the southern seas, the Caucasus Mountains and the Russian steppes to encompass all humanity. Racially, Europe, wherever the human skin is white "[5].
